Drought risk reduction through a Socio-economic,Institutional and Physical approach in the northwestern region of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, drought is seasonal and can destroy crops, causing hardship to poor agricultural labourers and others who cannot find alternative sources of income. Droughts most commonly affect the northwestern region, which generally has less rainfall than the rest of the country. In this context, this study attempts to measure the existing level of drought resilience with indicators related to Socio-economic, Institutional and Physical (SIP) conditions in two of the most drought-prone districts, namely Rajshahi and Chapai-Nawabganj. The results of 14 sub-districts (upazilas) show a variation of 2.41 (lowest resilience) and 3.61 (highest resilience) in a scale of 1–5. Some of the critical areas that need improvement include education and awareness, conflict resolution on water usage, policy enhancement, coordination among different stakeholders and proper land-use pattern. SIP methodology can be used as a rapid planning tool at the district level, and as a micro-level planning and improvement tool at the sub-district level. The tool has potential application for a participatory and process-based approach of engaging local stakeholders in minimizing drought risks in future.     

Constructing a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction: the significance of focusing on vulnerability reduction

As a result of the increase in natural disaster losses, policy‐makers, practitioners, and members of the research community around the world are seeking effective and efficient means of overcoming or minimising them. Although various theoretical constructs are beneficial to understanding the disaster phenomenon and the means of minimising losses, the disaster risk management process becomes less effective if theory and practice are set apart from one another. Consequently, this paper seeks to establish a relationship between two theoretical constructs, ‘disaster risk reduction (DRR)’ and ‘vulnerability reduction’, and to develop a holistic approach to DRR with particular reference to improving its applicability in practical settings. It is based on a literature review and on an overall understanding gained through two case studies of post‐disaster infrastructure reconstruction projects in Sri Lanka and three expert interviews in Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom.     

General overview of the disaster management framework in Cameroon

Efficient and effective disaster management will prevent many hazardous events from becoming disasters. This paper constitutes the most comprehensive document on the natural disaster management framework of Cameroon. It reviews critically disaster management in Cameroon, examining the various legislative, institutional, and administrative frameworks that help to facilitate the process. Furthermore, it illuminates the vital role that disaster managers at the national, regional, and local level play to ease the process. Using empirical data, the study analyses the efficiency and effectiveness of the actions of disaster managers. Its findings reveal inadequate disaster management policies, poor coordination between disaster management institutions at the national level, the lack of trained disaster managers, a skewed disaster management system, and a top‐down hierarchical structure within Cameroon's disaster management framework. By scrutinising the disaster management framework of the country, policy recommendations based on the research findings are made on the institutional and administrative frameworks.     

绿色用水及其实现路径探析

在水形势现状分析的基础上,提出了绿色用水的新理念;应用系统学方法,从绿色用水系统的功效分析出发,构建了以绿色水供给、绿色水消费和绿色水管理为基础的绿色用水系统结构,并与传统用水系统进行比较分析;进而从绿色用水的目的性出发,针对目前用水现状,从提供绿色用水科学范式、深化水资源综合规划改革、制定绿色用水导则和评价标准4个方面,提出了绿色用水实施路径。     

河北省怀来县可持续发展状况的生态足迹分析

生态足迹模型是一组基于土地面积的量化指标,通过测定现今人类为了维持自身生存而利用的生物生产性土地面积的量来评估人类对地球生态系统的影响,是一种用来衡量可持续发展程度的方法。论文基于对河北省怀来县生态足迹的测算,从供需平衡状况、供需结构和资源利用效率三方面定量分析了怀来县生态系统可持续发展的状况。结果表明:①2001年怀来县人均生态赤字0.7245hm₂/人,人类活动对区域生态经济系统的影响已超出了其生态承载力的阈值,区域生态经济系统的结构和功能亟需调整;②怀来县人均生态足迹的供需结构具有明显的不对称性,其供给以耕地为主,需求以化石燃料用地为主,可用于人类消费的可供生态空间类型结构较为单一;③人均生态赤字的存在,进一步揭示了当前人地关系紧张的现状;④万元GDP生态足迹需求的区域对比表明,当前怀来县资源利用效率还较低。     

用循环经济理念构建包钢生态工业园区

以包钢(包头钢铁集团公司)为例,对包钢及周边地区存在的主要环境问题进行了分析.在此基础上,从园区系统结构、生态工业模式、生态产业链的设计以及行业网络耦合方面构建了包钢生态工业园区的规划框架,以体现"资源-产品-废物再资源化"的物质循环利用的循环经济理念.提出了运用清洁生产管理手段加快包钢以及整个园区的生态转型.      

中国实施流域生态系统管理面临的机遇和挑战

流域生态系统管理是基于流域综合管理模式，应用生态系统方法。通过具体的行动、过程和实践。促进和实现流域的可持续发展。随着流域生态学的发展和流域管理实践经验的丰富。流域管理也更侧重于生态系统的管理。总结已有研究。流域生态系统管理应该包括但不限于以下内容：注重流域生态系统特征、流域复合系统管理、加强机构能力建设、采用适应性管理的方法、人类的价值对于实现流域管理目标的重要性、多学科方法和多种管理手段的运用、加强信息能力建设、注重制定流域中长期规划。分析表明。通过国内外交流与合作。中国正在不断引进和学习有关流域生态系统管理的理念和方法，并总结经验。在实践中探索，这为中国实施流域生态系统管理提供了难得的机遇。但仍存在许多障碍。主要有：探索中国流域综合管理新机制和新体制、法制保障不足、生态极限与生存极限之间的冲突、对市场机制的运用不够、分区研究不够、适应性管理能力不足、流域信息建设不够。由于机构能力建设的重要性，本文试以机构为主线。探索流域生态系统管理在中国的实现。     

区域环境司法协作的实践表征及发展理路探析

环境司法协作是促进区域、流域环境整体性治理的重要保障。但当前相关研究侧重某个重点区域、流域的环境司法协作分析，亟待对京津冀、长三角、成渝、长江、黄河等区域、流域环境司法协作实践进行全面的考察和规范分析。可以依据协作目的、内容、空间，将多元化的环境司法协作样态分为政策回应型协作与程序便利型协作、纵向协作与横向协作、省（区、市）内协作与跨省协作等。针对规范性、结构性、机制性等困境，区域环境司法协作需要从纵向协作迈向纵横协作结合、从协议型协作迈向立法型协作、从低位阶协作迈向高位阶协作。未来还需要加强区域、流域、陆海统筹下的立法协同，探索“共享法庭”及其配套治理体系与能力的纳入与应用，推动大数据、区块链、人工智能等新兴技术与司法的深度融合，从而对区域环境司法协作进行全面的规范性补强、结构性调适、协同配合机制的建构及数字化司法转型。     

板料成形数值模拟的逆算法研究

依据理想形变理论 ,研究开发了冲压成形过程模拟的有限元逆算法 ,并考虑了成形中的压边力 ,拉延筋等工艺条件 ,实现了计算机程序。通过实例的计算表明此方法能够快速分析成形工件中的变形情况 ,可用于设计前期阶段评价零件的成形性能